This article examines exciting new developments in business succession planning – specifically,
the use of LLCs or partnerships to own life insurance for buy-sell planning purposes.  Such a structure obtains the
advantages of cross-purchase and stock redemption buy-sell agreements without many of the disadvantages of either
traditional structure.  This development is significant to all wealth planning professionals and their business-owner
clients.

Background
For many business owners, the business itself is their primary source
of income both during working years and in retirement. Thus, buy-sell
planning is critical for not only death planning but also disability
and retirement planning during lifetime.

Unfortunately, the two traditional types of buy-sell agreements ((1) stock redemption (aka entity purchase) and
(2) cross-purchase agreements), have significant limitations and disadvantages that often prevent business owners
from adequately preparing for many business succession issues.

Stock Redemption (Entity Purchase)
With a Stock Redemption arrangement, the corporation owns the life insurance and agrees to redeem the shares of a
deceased shareholder at that shareholder’s death.  The shareholder in turn agrees that his estate will transfer
the shares back to the corporation for an agreed-upon price.

The advantages of this arrangement are:

1. The simplicity of only one life insurance policy per shareholder;
2. The shareholders allocate all premium costs according to their percentage ownership in the corporation; and
3. This arrangement ensures compliance with the terms of the buy-sell agreement.

The disadvantages of stock redemption arrangements are many:

1. There is no change to the surviving shareholders’ basis at the owner’s death so the surviving shareholders will incur larger
   capital gain tax upon a lifetime disposition;
2. The insurance policies are subject to attachment by the corporation’s creditors;
3. If the corporation is a C corporation, the death proceeds may also be subject to the alternative minimum tax
   (AMT);
4. If corporate-owned buy-sell policies are over-funded to provide non-qualified retirement benefits to the owners,
   the benefits are generally subject to income tax; and
5. Potential taxation on redemption of the stock to the extent of earnings and profits where the attribution rules
   of IRC Sec. 318 apply.

If the corporation is an S corporation, the results of a stock redemption arrangement are better, because the AMT and
attribution rules do not apply where the business has always been an S corporation.  Also, the life insurance cash value
and death proceeds give the shareholder some stock basis adjustment, reducing the amount of capital gain tax that may be
triggered on a sale during life or at death.

 
Cross-Purchase
Under a cross-purchase arrangement, each owner/shareholder owns a policy on every other owner, and each surviving owner
agrees to buy the deceased owner’s interest directly from the deceased owner’s estate.

The advantages of this structure are:

1. The survivors use income-tax-free death benefit to buy stock directly from the decedent’s estate, thereby increasing
   their average share basis;
2. Use of the "wait and see" approach allows surviving shareholders to keep the insurance proceeds for themselves to
   the extent that retained corporate earnings are available to effectuate a redemption; and
3. Policies are protected from the corporation’s creditors.

The disadvantages of cross-purchase arrangements are:

1. The number of policies required to accomplish funding (each owner must own a policy on each other owner) quickly
   becomes unwieldy as the number of shareholders increases;
2. Policies are subject to attachment by the owner’s creditors;
3. An owner may fail to pay premiums or refuse to pay death benefits pursuant to the buy-sell agreement;
4. The premium burden is allocated based on the cost of insurance of each other owner; and
5. Application of the transfer-for-value rule (when surviving owners purchase from the deceased owner’s estate the
   policies on the other survivors) or need to buy new policies to cover increased values.

 
Use of LLCs to Structure and Fund Buy-Sell Agreements
In a recent Private Letter Ruling, PLR 200747002, the IRS accepted a strategy that has the advantages of both
cross-purchase and redemption agreements without the disadvantages of either.  With this structure, the shareholders
execute a cross-purchase agreement and form an LLC, taxed as a partnership, to own the life insurance.  The cross-purchase
agreement and LLC operating agreement have provisions that reference each other.

Special provisions of the LLC include:

1. The LLC manager is a corporate trustee, and any replacement must be a corporate trustee;
2. Members cannot vote on life insurance matters;
3. The manager must use life insurance proceeds as required in the buy-sell agreement; and
4. The LLC must maintain a capital account for each member, with special allocations of premiums and proceeds.

Upon examination of this structure, the IRS ruled that the life insurance death proceeds would not be includible in
the estate of the deceased LLC member.  Thus, this structure contains the advantage of the traditional buy-sell
structures without the disadvantages.

"LifeCycle" Buy-Sells
This ruling adopts an approach similar to the "LifeCycle" Buy-Sell Agreement, first written about in "Using a General
Partnership to Structure and Fund Buy-Sell Arrangements," by James C. Peterson and William S. White, from the January
2000 issue of the Journal of Financial Service Professionals.

There are some differences, however, between the PLR and "LifeCycle" structures, in particular:

1. The PLR uses term insurance – LifeCycle uses cash value insurance to also accomplish retirement planning objectives;
2. The PLR limited its ruling to funding a death buyout – LifeCycle can also be used for non-qualified retirement
   benefits; and
3. The PLR LLC has a more restrictive operating agreement – for example, LifeCycle does not require a corporate
   trustee as manager (only requires an independent trustee) and restricts a member against voting only on policies
   on that member’s life. Counsel who submitted the PLR believes that these more restrictive provisions are only
   necessary for those seeking a letter ruling.

 
Conclusion
Buy-sell planning is critical for business owners, but many defer implementation of a business succession agreement
because of either the cost or tax disadvantages, or both, of the traditional buy-sell structures and common alternative. 
Use of an LLC or partnership to own the life insurance for a buy-sell arrangement eliminates both of these impediments
and thus is much more attractive to business owners.